Selective breeding in dogs influences far more than their outer appearance, research has shown.
From sight hounds to gun dogs, toy breeds to terriers, we all know how much our canine companions vary in their appearance and character, but a study has found these differences run far deeper than you may have imagined.
Research has identified that selective breeding of dogs has altered the animals profoundly, changing their brains, not just in size and shape, but in their very functions and structure.
The study, published in in the JNeurosci, the Journal of Neuroscience, explored 62 dogs of 33 different breeds, including beagles, dachshunds, greyhounds and Labradors.
Erin Hecht, a Harvard University neuroscientist, and her colleagues took MRI scans of the dogs and the results showed stark differences from one breed to the next.
The team identified six networks of brain regions, which tended to be bigger or smaller from one animal to another, and looked at how these differed between dogs based on the traits they were bred for, as defined by the American Kennel Club.
The researchers said ‘neuroanatomical variation is plainly visible across breeds’.
‘Variation […] is not simply the result of variation in total brain size, total body size, or skull shape,’ said the researchers. ‘Furthermore, the anatomy of these networks correlates significantly with different behavioral specialisation(s) such as sight hunting, scent hunting, guarding, and companionship.’
The team also performed statistical analysis that revealed the brain variations occurred relatively recently — suggesting that dog brain evolution has happened quickly.
‘On a philosophical level, these results tell us something fundamental about our own place in the larger animal kingdom — we have been systematically shaping the brains of another species,’ said the researchers.
Hecht added that the fact that we’re altering the species around us so much that it affects their brain structure was ‘deeply profound’.
‘I think it is a call to be responsible about how we’re doing that and how we’re treating the animals that we’ve done it to,’ she said.
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